Ladies of the Reformation

Chapter 1

38. APPENDIX.

No. II.—(p. 134.) No. III.—(p. 302.) No. IV.—(p. 305.) No. V.—(p. 313.) No. VI.—(p. 464.) No. VII.—(p. 698.) -- 7 of 868 -- N o revolution, since the age of Christ and his apostles, can be compared in magnitude and ben

Chapter 2

1. Bruce’s Free Thoughts on the Toleration of Popery, p. 127.

-- 13 of 868 -- “W e were Pharaoh’s bondmen in Egypt, and the Lord brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand “(Deuteronomy 6:21). “What we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us, we will not hide from their

Chapter 3

4. That such were the feelings of the Pope, appears from the following

passage of a letter from his secretary, Sanga, to Campeggio, dated Viterbo, 2d September, 1528, when Campeggio was preparing to go to England as the Pope’s legate about the affair of the divorce, and the triumph just gai

Chapter 4

8. Turner’s Reign of Henry VIII., vol. ii., pp. 340-345. At this time,

however, as Fuller quaintly observes, “Bonner was not Bonner, being as yet -- 46 of 868 -- meek and merciful. . . . . Bonner began to Bonner it—to display the colours of his cruelty—in 1540, after being made Bishop of

Chapter 5

14. Yet about the same time, at the instigation of the clergy, Henry issued a

proclamation against the importation and reading of the New Testament and other books in English. These books had been for the most part printed abroad, and being imported by stealth into England, had been dispersed by t

Chapter 6

20. Luther correctly formed this estimate of the ecclesiastical character of

Henry, of whose opposition to the Pope he speaks with the utmost contempt, though Henry gave a deadlier blow to the papacy than the great German reformer is willing to allow. “Henry VIII., king of England,” says he, “is

Chapter 7

21. Speed’s History, p. 852.—This account makes the number committed to

the flames under this persecution 277. Different writers vary slightly as to the number, some raising it to 300. These various relations, “sufficiently different to assure us that the relators were independent witnesses,

Chapter 8

25. Ibid, vol. ii., p. 392. Miss Strickland, the accomplished biographer of

the Queens of England, attempts to whitewash Mary of the guilt of the Protestant blood shed during her reign, by throwing the blame upon her ministers. Speaking of her during her severe illness at the close of her life,

Chapter 9

134. That she knew all about it appears from many passages in the

despatches of Noailles, the French ambassador at the English court. 2dly, These barbarities were committed by her orders, or with her approbation. This also is manifest from the despatches of the same ambassador. Gardine

Chapter 10

29. Noailles, in a despatch dated 22d May, 1556, says: “She knows herself

to be neglected, and she finds little certainty in the promises of her husband.” In another, dated 31st October, 1556, he says, “Most of her -- 50 of 868 -- council are suspected. A large part is thought to be inclined

Chapter 11

32. The opposition made by the Scottish Presbyterians to James VI. and

Charles I. arose from the assumption of supremacy over the church by these kings, and the true cause of the sufferings of the martyrs under the reigns of Charles II. and James VII., was their refusing to submit to the ec

Chapter 12

1374. Strickna, a man of acknowledged erudition and eloquence, had been

his coadjutor, but died five years before him. Janovius, also a native of Prague, maintained the cause of Divine truth with still greater effect. He was confessor to Charles IV., Anne’s father. In the ardour of their zea

Chapter 13

1395. In the same work there is another contract betwixt him and two

copper-smiths, citizens of London, for statues and other furniture for the tomb, dated 24th April, same year. Both these contracts are written in French. 29 The tomb was to be ornamented with numerous effigies, among whi

Chapter 14

7. Stowe’s Annals of England, p. 294.

8. “In this queen’s days noble women used high attire on their heads, piked horns [i. e. horned caps], with long trained gowns, and rode on side-saddles, after the example of the queen, who first brought that fashion int

Chapter 15

295. But “the side-saddle of Anne of Bohemia was different from those

used at present, which were invented, or first adopted, by Catharine de Medicis, Queen of France. It was like a bench with a hanging step, where both feet were placed. This mode of riding required a footman or squire at

Chapter 16

20. Walsingham, who is followed by Stowe, stigmatizes Burley as

intolerably proud, an oppressor of the poor, a hater of the church, and profligate (Historia, p. 366); but this Popish writer is too partial and malicious to be implicitly followed in his estimate of the characters he de

Chapter 17

31. The next two lines, which we omit, simply state that she died on the 7th

of July, 1394; but there is here a mistake as to the month, for, from some of her funeral letters, still preserved, we learn that she died on the 7th of June. —Crull’s Antiquities of St. Peter’s, or the Abbey Church of W

Chapter 18

33. King’s Langley, in Hertfordshire, was formerly a royal mansion. Here

was born, and from the place was named, Edmund de Langley, one of the sons of Edward III., and Duke of York, and here was a little house of friar preachers.—Camden’s Britannia, edit. London, 1789, vol. i., p. 339.

Chapter 19

34. Holinshed’s Chronicles, edit. London, 1808, vol. iii., pp. 14, 15. Crull

incorrectly represents the tomb of Anne and Richard as erected by Henry V. It was erected, as we have seen, by Richard himself. -- 77 of 868 -- ANNE BOLEYN, SECOND QUEEN OF HENRY VIII. Monergism Books -- 78 of 868 --

Chapter 20

1. The erection of the present mansion of Blickling Hall was commenced by

Sir Henry Hobart, Bart., during the reign of James I., but not finished until the year 1628. It is one of the most perfect examples of architecture of that monarch’s time remaining.—Baronial Halls of England, London, Cha

Chapter 21

7. As Lord Herbert, who is followed by Burnet and Rapin. Miss Berger

says, that “a formal requisition was made to Francis for her restoration, and that Anne in consequence returned to England, under whose protection is not specified by any historian.”—Life of Anne Boleyn, vol. i., p. 197.

Chapter 22

13. These particulars are taken from the Sloane MS., Life of Henry VIII.,

from his falling in love with Anne Boleyn to the death of Queen Katharine, in the British Museum, No. 249. This MS. was written in the 16th century, and as it takes the Papal side, its testimony in her favour is the more

Chapter 23

14. Sanders, De Schism. Angl., p. 26.—Pol. ad Reg. Scotl., p. 176. Turner,

in his History of the Reign of Henry VIII. (vol. ii., p. 191), speaking of Sanders’s libels against Anne and her family, says, “More wilful calumnies, I believe, never issued either from the pen or the press. He has a co

Chapter 24

16. Not content with defaming Anne, they are equally zealous in assailing

the reputation of her mother and sister.—See these slanders combated in Burnet’s Reformation, vol. i., pp. 74-78; and in Turner’s Reign of Henry -- 103 of 868 -- VIII., vol. ii., pp. 191, 430. Miss Wood, on the strengt

Chapter 25

23. The news “by secret ways and means” had reached Margaret, governess

of Flanders, in August, 1527.—Letter of Wolsey to Henry VIII., dated Amyas, 11th August [1527], in State Papers, vol. i, p. 254. And about the same time they had reached Charles V.—Letter of Wolsey to Henry VIII., dated

Chapter 26

24. The Life of the Virtuous, Christian, and Renowned Queen Anne Boleyn,

by George Wyatt, written at the close of the 16th century, in Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey, vol. ii The author was grandson of the poet, George Wyatt, Esq., and sixth son and heir of Sir Thomas Wyatt the younger, who was b

Chapter 27

25. This appears from the love-letters Henry wrote to her after her return

from France. If a letter in Miss Wood’s Letters of Royal, &c., vol. ii., p. 14, translated from Leti’s Italian Life of Queen Elizabeth, said to be from Anne Boleyn to Henry, be genuine, the fact would be quite the revers

Chapter 28

28. Anne, in one letter addressed to the cardinal, expresses the warmest

gratitude for his efforts to obtain for her the crown matrimonial of England. -- 105 of 868 -- In another, written to him after he had “abandoned her interests to embrace those of the queen,” she is full of indignation

Chapter 29

29. The authorities for the preceding narrative as to Anne’s copy of

Tyndale’s Obedience of a Christian Man, are Strype, who derives his account from Foxe’s MSS. (Mem. Eccl., vol. i., part i, pp. 171-173); and Wyatt, in his Life of Anne Boleyn, (printed in Cavendish’s Wolsey, vol. ii., pp

Chapter 30

33. These authorities are quoted by Turner in his Reign of Henry VIII., vol.

ii., p. 333. -- 107 of 868 -- CHAP. 2. INDIGNATION OF POPISH PRIESTS AT HER MARRIAGE WITH HENRY VIII., AND HER PATRONAGE OF THE REFORMERS AND OF LEARNING. -- 108 of 868 -- A violent outcry was raised against Henry’s

Chapter 31

2. Peto subsequently returned and became confessor to Queen Mary, as he

had been to her mother Katharine. His zeal was at length rewarded by a cardinal’s hat. But in that character he never set foot on English ground— one cardinal, Reginald Pole, being deemed sufficient for England, even in

Chapter 32

6. Jerome de Ghinuccii was at one time auditor of the apostolic chamber.

He was the person who in 1518 summoned Luther to appear at Rome within sixty days. He was afterwards made Bishop of Worcester, of which dignity he was deprived in 1534, on the ground of his being a foreigner and non- res

Chapter 33

10. James Bainham, who was committed to the flames for heresy in 1532,

declared on his examination that “he knew no man to have preached the word of God, sincerely and purely, and after the vein of Scripture, except Master Crome and Master Latimer.” —Anderson’s Annals of the English -- 125

Chapter 34

13. The allusion here is to the treaty in the reign of Henry VII., 1505, in

which “there was an express article against the reception of the rebels of either prince by the other; purporting, that if any such rebel should be required by the prince, whose rebel he was, of the prince confederate, t

Chapter 35

15. In the original, the pen has been drawn across the words “still like a

good Christian man.” Hence Strype has omitted them altogether, and Sir Henry Ellis has placed them in a note at the bottom of the page. But there is reason to think that some hostile person has perpetrated this erasure.

Chapter 36

19. After passing through various hands, this elegant copy came into the

possession of the Rev. Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode, who bequeathed it, with his large and valuable library, to the British Museum, into which it was brought after his death, in April, 1799, and where it is now preserved.

Chapter 37

20. Anderson’s Annals of the English Bible, vol. i., p. 417. The plot was

successful. In the beginning of the year 1535 Tyndale was arrested at Antwerp, and carried to the castle of Vilvorde, a distance of twenty-three and a half miles. After being imprisoned nearly two years in that castle, h

Chapter 38

25. Strype’s Life of Sir John Clerke, Oxford, 1821, pp. 8, 9.

26. “To every one of these,” says Singer, “she gave a little book of devotions neatly written on vellum, and bound in covers of solid gold enamelled, with a ring to each cover, to hang it at their girdles, for their cons

Chapter 39

3. Lady Wingfield was Anne’s intimate friend; but who the person was to

whom she made this solemn dying declaration, and what was her state of mind when she made it, if she made it at all, is not known. “The safest sort of forgery,” says Burnet, “to one whose conscience can swallow it, is to

Chapter 40

4. Anderson’s Annals of the English Bible, vol. i., p. 462. Burnet at first

inserted Anne’s father’s name, but he had not then seen, as he afterwards saw, a record of the trial, now lost, from which he was convinced that the earl was not present. He therefore expunged the name from the subsequen

Chapter 41

7. Of this there can be no doubt. On the 14th of April, 1536, Henry

dissolved a Parliament which had sat for six years. On the 27th of that month writs were issued for a new Parliament to meet on the 8th of June. And that the conspiracy against Anne had been matured when these writs were

Chapter 42

11. Cardinal Wolsey well knew the character of this cold-hearted but

smooth-tongued jailer. Upon Wolsey’s fall, when the Earl of Northumberland—Anne’s old lover—had received orders to arrest him for high treason, and to bring him to London, to undergo his trial, Cavendish, the cardinal’s

Chapter 43

14. These letters of Kingston, which are preserved in MS., Cotton, Otho, c x

, fol. 225, British Museum, were in part mutilated by the ravages of the fire of 1731. They are printed in Ellis’s Original Letters, first series, vol. ii, pp. 52 65; and in vol. ii. of Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey, edited

Chapter 44

17. MS. Otho, c. x., p. 260; quoted in Turner’s Reign of Henry VIII., vol.

ii., p. 434. 18. “Two legal explanations of this proceeding have been attempted. The first is founded on the statute of treasons, 25 Ed. III., which made it high treason to violate the queen; a word which had been unders

Chapter 45

26. Godwin.

-- 152 of 868 -- O n the 15th of May, the queen and her brother were brought to trial before their peers. Her maternal uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, who was constituted Lord High Steward, presided, supported on the right

Chapter 46

1. Lord Herbert’s Henry VIII., p. 195.

2. “The records of her trial,” says Lingard, the Popish historian, “have perished, perhaps by the hands of those who respected her memory.” “Whether destroyed,” says Ellis, “by Henry VIII., or Elizabeth, is not known.” I

Chapter 47

7. This, as well as her ejaculation on hearing the sentence pronounced, is

from Meteren, the Dutch consul-general’s Histoire des Pays Bas, who has given in prose her address and ejaculation from a poetical narrative by Crispin, Lord of Milherve, a Frenchman, who was in London at the time, and a

Chapter 48

8. Lord Rochford was a man of great personal beauty, and possessed, in no

common degree, a talent for poetical composition; qualities which made him the idol of the ladies in Henry’s court. He is supposed to have been the author of several poems, published along with those of his friends, the

Chapter 49

12. This was a statute passed in the Parliament 28 Henry VIII., c. 7,

declaring the said marriage never to have been good, nor consonant to the laws, and repealing an act of a former Parliament, which fixed the succession of the crown to the issue of the king by Anne Boleyn. By this act it

Chapter 50

20. In a letter written the year after Anne’s execution to Joachim Vadian, a

native of Switzerland, and distinguished as a scholar and mathematician, who had published a work, entitled Aphorisms upon the Eucharist, intended to disprove the corporeal presence, and sent the present of a copy to Cra

Chapter 51

24. Bacon is a good authority, for, though not contemporary, he had access

to the best means of information. His grandfather, Sir Anthony Cooke, was tutor to Edward VI., and a courtier, while his mother, Lady Bacon, and his aunt, Lady Cecil, had from their youth moved in the circle of the court

Chapter 52

32. Melancthon’s Epist., quoted in Ellis’s Original Letters, first series, vol.

ii., p. 65. -- 175 of 868 -- I n this lady, whose story we are now to relate, we have a noble example of female Christian heroism. She fell a martyr for denying the doctrine of transubstantiation, during the reign of H

Chapter 53

1535. This edition of the entire Scriptures was dedicated to Henry VIII. The

whole was completed before the 4th of August, 1537, for on that day we find Archbishop Cranmer, to whom a copy was presented by Grafton, sending Grafton with his Bible to Cromwell, and requesting that statesman to show i

Chapter 54

C. D.— “A woman has testified that you told her you had read in the

Scriptures that God was not in temples made with hands.” Her inquisitors understood her to employ these words as an argument against transubstantiation. A. A.— “As to this I would refer you to the 7th chapter of the Acts

Chapter 55

C. D.— “Why did you say that you would rather read five lines in the

Bible than hear five masses in the church?” A. A.— “I confess that I said no less, because the one greatly edifies me, the other nothing at all.” And without animadverting upon the idolatry of the mass, she quoted, in pr

Chapter 56

C. D.— “You also said, did you not, that if a wicked priest ministered, it

was the devil and not God?” A. A.— “I deny that I ever said any such thing. What I said was, that whoever ministered unto me, his bad character could not injure my faith, but that I, notwithstanding, received in spirit t

Chapter 57

C. D.— “If a mouse eat the host, does it receive God or no?”

To this question she made no answer, as it deserved none, but smiled. And yet the question has been gravely discussed among learned Popish doctors; and the Pope, it would appear, having given no infallible deliverance on

Chapter 58

C. D.— “What is your opinion as to the king’s book?”

A. A.— “I can pronounce no judgment upon it, as I never saw it.” The book here referred to was the Erudition of a Christian Man. In 1537 a book, -- 187 of 868 -- entitled The Institution of a Christian Man, was compile

Chapter 59

C. D.— “I have brought a Popish priest to examine you, and he is at

hand.” The priest then proceeded to examine her. He asked her, among other things, what she said as to the sacrament of the altar, and strongly urged her to give her opinion on this point; but knowing him to be a Papist,

Chapter 60

C. D.— “Do you not think that private masses help souls departed?”

A. A.— “It is great idolatry to believe more in these than in the death which Christ died for us.” The examination being closed, she was sent from Sadler’s Hall to the Lord Mayor, Sir Martin Bowes, who, after having, wit

Chapter 61

1. Sir William, besides Anne and an elder daughter, had a third, named Jane,

who was married, first to Sir George St. Paul, and secondly to Richard Disney, Esq., of Norton Disney, ancestor of the present John Disney, Esq., of the Hyde, Essex. He had also two sons, Francis, the eldest, and Edward,

Chapter 62

13. The allusion here is to the public ceremony of recantation, according to

which the person recanting brought a fagot of dry sticks and burned it publicly, to signify that he was destroying that which should have been the -- 220 of 868 -- instrument of his death.—Calderwood’s History, vol. i.

Chapter 63

17. Anne while in prison wrote a full account of her examinations, at the

earnest request of certain Christian ladies and gentlemen. It is an artless and an affecting tale, and proves the writer to have been a woman of no common talents. Bishop Bale published this account, accompanied with num

Chapter 64

1547. It has recently been printed by the Parker Society. Each examination

has a different title-page, but the same wood-cut in the centre, namely, the representation of an angel holding the Bible, and trampling on a dragon wearing a triple crown. At these two pieces, edited and published by Ba

Chapter 65

24. Edmund Bonner, who figures so conspicuously in the prosecution of

this lady, was the natural son of John Savage, a richly-beneficed priest in Cheshire, who was the son of Sir John Savage, knight of the garter, and privy councillor to King Henry VII. Savage, the name he inherited from h

Chapter 66

25. The pix is a covered vessel, various in form and material, used in

Catholic countries as a depository for the consecrated wafer or host. One -- 222 of 868 -- form of this vessel is shown in the engraving, but it was sometimes simply a chalice with a cover, and at others, a small squar

Chapter 67

28. Thomas Wriothesley “was a warm adherent of the old faith; aud, with

the Duke of Norfolk and Gardiner, he formed the party actually opposed to the Reformation, who procured the passing of ‘the six articles.’“—Lord Campbell’s Chancellors of England, vol. i., p. 628. On the 1st of January,

Chapter 68

30. This was the famous Reformer and martyr, Hugh Latimer, formerly

Bishop of Worcester. The act of the six articles placed him at the mercy of his persecutors. Upon the passing of that act, he resigned his bishopric, and returned to a private life. On laying aside his robes of office, w

Chapter 69

33. As Acts vii. 48-50; xvii. 24; and Matt. xxiv. 23, 24. She also quoted a

passage quite in point from the History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon, in the Apocrypha:— “Now the Babylonians had an idol called Bel, and there was spent upon him every day twelve great measures of fine flour

Chapter 70

38. Shaxton, as we have seen before, was raised to the see of Salisbury by

Queen Anne Boleyn. On the passing of the act of the six articles, rather than renounce his sentiments, he resigned his bishopric, and languished seven years in prison. At length he was indicted for denying transubstantia

Chapter 71

40. The torture of the rack, or stretching, was applied in various ways, but it

is ordinarily understood as the fearful agonies produced by the extension of the criminal or sufferer on the machine shown in the engraving. This consisted of two rollers or windlasses, placed horizontally, seven or eigh

Chapter 72

46. According to Foxe, in his Acts and Monuments, she was executed about

the month of June; according to Bishop Bale, in his work, De Scriptoribus Britannicis, fol. ed., p. 670, on the 16th of July. Southey, in his Book of the Church (vol. ii., p. 92), says, “The execution was delayed till da

Chapter 73

47. Lacels, on returning to prison after his condemnation, was not only

tranquil, but cheerful. To some Christian friends who paid him a visit, though at the risk of their personal safety, he said, “My Lord Bishop would have me confess the Roman Church to be the Catholic Church; but that I c

Chapter 74

51. These executions struck terror into the English refugees on the

Continent. John Hooper, afterwards Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester, in a letter to Henry Bullinger, without date, but probably written from Basle about the close of the year 1546, says, “For his impious mass the king

Chapter 75

52. Acts and Monuments, vol. ii., p. 489.

-- 227 of 868 -- KATHARINE PARR, SIXTH QUEEN OF HENRY VIII. Monergism Books -- 228 of 868 -- K ATHARINE PARR was born at Kendal Castle, in Westmoreland, 1 about the year 1513. She was the eldest daughter of Sir Thomas

Chapter 76

1. Kendal Castle is situated on a knoll in the middle of a valley, about half-

a-mile on the east side of the town of Kendal. Its situation is both strong and beautiful, commanding a delightful prospect of wood, pasture, and running water. In Camden’s time it was “decaying with age,” and in 1670, a

Chapter 77

3. He possessed large property in Worcestershire and other counties. George

Neville, Lord Latimer, a previous representative of the house, marrying Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, had the manors of Great Cumberton, Wadborough, and other estates in the county o

Chapter 78

4. This work, with a preface from the pen of Secretary Cecil, was printed at

London. in 1548, under the title, The Lamentation or Complaint of a Sinner, made by the most virtuous and right gracious Lady, Queen Katharine, bewailing the ignorance of her blind life, led in superstition; very profita

Chapter 79

6. When, on looking out for another queen-consort, after the death of Jane

Seymour, his third wife, Henry made his first offer to Christiana, the duchess-dowager of Milan, then in Flanders, at the vice-regal court, that lady is said to have given an answer still more cutting—that she had but on

Chapter 80

10. By the close of the year 1541, only four years and four months from the

time that Rogers’s English Bible, before referred to (see p. 139), was imported to this country, there had issued from the press not fewer than twelve editions of the entire Bible, ten in folio, and two in quarto. The -

Chapter 81

15. William Lord Parr, of Kendal, created Earl of Essex, Dec. 23, 1543, and

by Edward VI. Marquis of Northampton, Feb. 16, 1545-6. Bishop Hooper, in a letter to Henry Bullinger, dated London, June 29, 1550, describes this nobleman, who was then Lord High Chamberlain of England, as “a man active

Chapter 82

19. This work was entitled Prayers or Meditations, wherein the mind is

stirred patiently to suffer all afflictions, to set at nought the vain prosperity of this world, and always to long for everlasting felicity. Collected out of Holy Works, by the most virtuous and gracious Princess Kathar

Chapter 83

22. A letter, written by her to Henry, during his absence, is to be found in

Strype’s Mem. Eccl., vol. ii., part ii., p. 331. Three additional letters, written by her when regent at this time, one to the council attendant on the king’s person, and two to the king himself, are inserted in Miss Woo

Chapter 84

7. In her time there were not wanting ecclesiastical reformers who were

favourable to the perpetual continence of the clergy, and who wrote in defence of it, erroneously judging that this was most becoming the sacred character of their office, forgetting that, to impose such a law upon eccle

Chapter 85

11. Ballard’s Memoirs of Learned Ladies, p, 213. These translations are to

be found among the Royal Manuscripts, in the British Museum, in a small volume in embroidered binding. “Elizabeth had great fondness for the Latin and Italian tongues, but, late in life at least, seems, like her sister,

Chapter 86

12. In the Harleian Collection of Manuscripts a volume is preserved,

containing a fair transcript of Edward’s Latin letters to Katharine and others, entitled, Epistolæ Edwardi Principis illustrissimi, quas suopte marte composuit et scripsit anno ætatis nono. From the tenderness of Edward’

Chapter 87

133. Some of Edward’s letters to Katharine are printed by Ellis (Ibid., vol.

ii., pp. 131, 132), and by Strype, Mem. Eccl., vol. ii., pp. 53–60. 13. “A chantry was a little church, chapel, or particular altar in some cathedral church, &c., endowed with lands or other revenues, for the maintenance

Chapter 88

17. The paraphrase on the various books appeared at distant intervals. If we

may judge from the dates of the dedications, that on the Epistle to the Romans was published in 1517; that on the First Epistle to Timothy, on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, and on the Epistle to the Ephesians, in

Chapter 89

22. The translation of the remainder, forming the second volume, was

published about a year later, accompanied with a dedication to King Edward, by Myles Coverdale. A second impression of the whole work was issued in 1552. In the reign of Edward, a copy was ordered to be placed in every p

Chapter 90

32. The Jesuit Parsons affirms that “the king, notwithstanding, purposed to

have burned her as a heretic, if he had lived.” Fuller calls in question the truth of this assertion, observing, that Parsons was neither confessor nor privy-councillor to King Henry VIII.—Church History of Great Britain

Chapter 91

34. Ellis’s Letters, first series, vol. ii., p. 141.

-- 287 of 868 -- A fter Henry’s death Katharine resided for some time at Chelsea, 1 which was part of her jointure. During her residence there, her affection for the former object of her choice, Thomas Seymour, Lord Hig

Chapter 92

20. This is evident from the testimony of Mrs. Ashley, Elizabeth’s

governess, of the princess herself, and of others examined on the impeachment of Seymour. Elizabeth herself acknowledges that she loved him, and Mrs. Ashley secretly encouraged the project of a marriage between them. Par

Chapter 93

21. The order of the procession, and the badges of mourning worn, are

recorded in A Breviate of her Interment, written at the time, and printed in Archæologia, vol. v., pp. 232-236. It is also inserted in Rudder’s History of Gloucestershire. The place of Katharine’s interment was long unkn

Chapter 94

23. Parkhurst, in a letter to Henry Bullinger, dated Ludham, August 10,

1571, while informing him of the death of her brother, the Marquis of Northampton, which took place in the beginning of that month, designates her “my most gentle mistress, whom I attended as chaplain twenty-three years

Chapter 95

28. Queens of England, vol. v., pp. 129-131.

-- 305 of 868 -- LADY JANE GREY. Monergism Books -- 306 of 868 -- F ew characters in English history have occupied, within so short a time, a more important part in the political transactions of their day, than the la

Chapter 96

3. Thomas Harding was educated at Winchester, and at New College,

Oxford, of which he was elected a fellow in 1536. He was afterwards appointed by Henry VIII. Hebrew professor in that university. Of a temporizing character, he was just about as much a Reformer as Henry VIII. during the

Chapter 97

4. John Aylmer was, as we have seen before (p. 94), patronized in early life

by Queen Anne Boleyn. Lady Jane’s father had supported him at school, and also at the university of Cambridge, where he took his degree of master of arts, and made him tutor to his children. Aylmer was a superior Latin a

Chapter 98

6. Roger Ascham, who was born at Kirby Wiske, near Northallerton, in

Yorkshire, about the year 1515, and educated at St. John’s College, Cambridge, was one of the most accomplished scholars of his day. He was elected fellow of his college at the early age of eighteen, and in 1548 was appo

Chapter 99

1569. His last words were, “I am suffering much pain, I sink under my

disease; but this is my confession, this is my faith, this prayer contains all that I wish for, ‘I desire to depart hence, and to be with Christ.’”His published letters in Latin have been admired at once for the excellen

Chapter 100

18. Hooper, in a letter to Bullinger, dated London, March 27, 1550, says,

“John ab Ulmis is also well, and as I hear very diligent in his studies. He has been munificently and honourably presented by the Marquis of Dorset with a yearly stipend of thirty crowns.” This he had in addition to his

Chapter 101

21. Henry Bullinger, who was born at Bremgarten, near Zurich,

Switzerland, on July 18, 1504, studied at the university of Cologne, into which he entered in 1519, and connected himself with the Reformers in the course of the year 1524. On tne death of Zuingle, in the close of the ye

Chapter 102

25. This is the last part of Bullinger’s principal work—his Decades, or Fifty

Sermons on the chief heads of the Christian religion, divided into five Decades which was published in Latin. It was translated into English; and the translation, which passed through three editions in the sixteenth cent

Chapter 103

33. Her plainness of dress, he adds, was especially noticed on the occasion

of the visit of the Queen-Dowager of Scotland, Mary of Lorraine, to the court of Edward VI. Elizabeth afterwards, however, as we shall see in her Life, carried her fondness for finery of dress to the highest pitch of ext

Chapter 104

46. Howard is therefore mistaken in supposing that it was written after her

marriage, from Sion House, where she then resided for some time.—Lady Jane Grey and her Times, p. 221. -- 334 of 868 -- W e now enter upon the tragical part of Lady Jane’s life. This may be said to commence with her ma

Chapter 105

6. After the death of James IV. she married Archibald Douglas, seventh Earl

of Angus, by whom she had the Lady Margaret Douglas, who married Matthew Stewart, fourth Earl of Lennox, by whom she had Henry Lord Darnley, the future husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Next to Mary and Elizabeth, the daug

Chapter 106

7. At the time when Henry made his will he was greatly irritated against

Scotland, with which he had been at war for more than two years, in consequence of the Regent of Scotland, James Earl of Arran, having violated a treaty of pacification between the two kingdoms, and a matrimonial contrac

Chapter 107

9. Baker’s Chronicle, London edit., 1730, p. 311.

10. “Scarcely any of our historical writers show an acquaintance with these letterspatent, though they have been conversant with the substance of them, from the recital which is made in Queen Jane’s proclamation. . . . .

Chapter 108

11. This is part of a letter written by Lady Jane, after her condemnation, to

Queen Mary, printed in Pollini’s Istoria Ecclesiastica Della Rivoluzion D’Inghilterra, p. 355. The original is not now extant, and, as given by Pollini, the letter has no address or subscription, but its authenticity is

Chapter 109

14. Heylin’s History of the Reformation, London, 1661, p. 159. This author,

in describing the interview which took place between the councillors and Lady Jane on this occasion, states at considerable length the whole argument pro and con. There is reason to think that he has himself constructed

Chapter 110

23. To this engagement Mary, alas! proved unfaithful, as soon as she got

secure possession of the throne, and there is reason to think that she never intended to fulfil it. When the Suffolkshire people afterwards reminded her of it, she replied, “Forsomuch as ye, being but members, desire to

Chapter 111

28. These facts are contained in a letter of the commissioners to the council,

extant in one of the Harleian MSS.—See Nicolas’s Memoirs of Lady Jane Grey, pp. lxv-lxvii. Strype, who, it would appear, had not seen this letter, says that Shelley “seemed to make no haste in the delivery of his letters

Chapter 112

35. Baynard’s Castle was situated on the banks of the Thames, and was

founded by Baynard, a follower of William the Conqueror. After passing through various hands, it was repaired, or rather rebuilt, in 1501, by Henry VII., who frequently lodged in it. In 1666 it was destroyed in the great

Chapter 113

42. Strype’s Mem. Eccl., vol. iii., part i , p. 24.

-- 363 of 868 -- A t that period the part of the Tower called Beauchamp’s Tower was appropriated for state prisoners; 1 but Lady Jane was confined in the house of one of the warders, whose name was Partridge, and she wa

Chapter 114

1. Here the Duke of Northumberland was confined. About sixty years ago it

was converted into a mess-room for the officers of the garrison. When the alterations were making, a great number of names, inscriptions, arms, crests, devices, &c., were discovered on the walls of the prison, made at di

Chapter 115

2. Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary, written by a resident in the

Tower, supposed to have been Rowland Lea, an officer of the mint, edited by John Gough Nichols, Esq., and printed for the Camden Society, pp. 18, 19, 21. The duke’s eldest son, the Earl of Warwick, died in prison. His yo

Chapter 116

5. Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary, pp. 24-26. Here the editor has

the following note: “This highly interesting passage has been unknown to the modern biographers of Lady Jane Grey, though it has been once extracted and printed, when the MS. was in the possession of Sir Simond -- 388 o

Chapter 117

9. Nicolas, in his Life of Lady Jane, from her having signed this letter with

her maiden name, concludes that it was written previously to her marriage, and supposes that though Harding did not openly profess the change in his sentiments till after Mary’s accession, yet Lady Jane was acquainted wi

Chapter 118

20. His proper name was Howman, but he was called Feckenham, because

born near the forest of that name, in Worcestershire. He studied in Gloucester College, Oxford, where he took his degree of bachelor of divinity. He was for some time chaplain to Bonner, Bishop of London, and on Mary’s a

Chapter 119

27. The doctrine that the saints in heaven pray for their friends on earth,

Jane perhaps derived from the Apocrypha (2 Mac., chap xv. 12-14), which, if not held at that time to be strictly canonical, was treated with a high degree of veneration. It is a plausible doctrine, but it has no foundati

Chapter 120

35. Ibid., and The Phœnix, vol. ii., p. 42, which appears to have copied from

that work. The facts, as stated in the text, also agree with the narrative of Grafton, nearly a contemporary writer. Lord Guildford Dudley’s “dead carkas,” says he, “liying in a carre in strawe was againe brought into th

Chapter 121

36. Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary, p. 56.

37. ‘Holinshed has amplified this into the following more explicit statement: ‘My offence against the queen’s highness was only in consent to the device of others, which now is deemed treason; but it was never my -- 392

Chapter 122

40. Sir Harris Nicolas, in his Life of Lady Jane (p. xci.), is greatly puzzled

as to the article of dress meant by this term, and is inclined to coincide with a literary friend, who suggested “fronts-piece.” As, however, Foxe has spelt it “frowes-past,” the editor of the Chronicle of Queen Jane and

Chapter 123

41. Foxe’s Acts and Monuments, vol. vi., pp. 424, 425. Foxe’s narrative of

Lady Jane’s execution is the same, almost verbatim, with an account in Archæologia, vol. xxiii, p 407, said by the editor to be “a copy of an exceedingly rare (if not unique) printed tract,” without date, but containing

Chapter 124

46. See notice of this lady, in Appendix, No. V.

-- 394 of 868 -- K ATHARINE WILLOUGHBY was the daughter of William Lord Willoughby of Eresby, by his wife, Mary of Salines or Salucci, a Spanish lady of illustrious descent, who had accompanied Katharine of Aragon into

Chapter 125

5. This assertion rests on tradition, and it is supported by armorial bearings,

which still exist, carved upon the stone over the porch. Of this once extensive pile, which, in the palmy days of England, was classed among the stateliest of its “stately homes,” only a small portion now remains.

Chapter 126

20. The castle of Grimsthorpe is situated in the parish of Edenham, four

miles and an half from Bourn, and is the seat of the present Lord Willoughby de Eresby. It is an irregular structure, and has been erected at different periods; some parts as early as the time of Henry III., others in th

Chapter 127

24. These particulars are drawn from a high character of the two brothers, in

Latin, contained in an eloquent oration delivered upon their funeral, by their tutor, Dr. Haddon, before the university of Cambridge. It is prefixed to Sir Thomas Wilson’s Epistola de vita et obitu duorum fratrum Suffolc

Chapter 128

25. Mem. Eccl., vol. ii., part i., pp. 491, 492.

26. “The duchess,” says Tytler, “seems to have consulted Cecil upon every matter of importance concerning the management of her family and estates, -- 445 of 868 -- and her correspondence with this great man might of i

Chapter 129

29. At the time of the issuing of the proclamation by Queen Mary’s

government, in the beginning of her reign, commanding all foreigners to quit the kingdom, they numbered, according to the testimony of a Spanish Jesuit who was then in England, more than 30,000.—Turner’s Modern Hist. of

Chapter 130

34. This dreaded disease, so remarkable for the vast numbers it attacked,

and for the rapidity of its fatal issue, first appeared in the army of Henry VII., upon his landing at Milford, out of France, on the 7th of August, 1485; -- 446 of 868 -- next in 1506; again in 1517; a fourth time in

Chapter 131

320. The manner of its attack was this: “It first affected some particular

part, attended with inward heat and burning, unquenchable thirst, restlessness, sickness at stomach and heart (though seldom vomiting), headache, delirium, then faintness, and excessive drowsiness. The pulse became quick

Chapter 132

35. Henry Machyn, in his Diary, p. 8, is mistaken in two particulars, when

he says that they died “both in one bed,” in Cambridgeshire. The Bishop of Lincoln’s palace, at Bugden, at which they died, is in the county of -- 447 of 868 -- Huntingdon; and they did not die “in one bed.” Strype, in

Chapter 133

37. Among these tributes, besides Sir Thomas Wilson’s Epistola de Vita,

&c, are various epigrams in Latin and Greek, by learned men both of Cambridge and Oxford, with which the Epistola is followed. “Sir Thomas Wilson, in his Arte Rhetorique, has also an interesting passage describing the ch

Chapter 134

41. The letter is in Coverdale’s Letters of the Martyrs. It is also printed

among Ridley’s Letters, Parker Society Publications, p. 382. 42. “This alms was sent him by the Lady Katharine, Duchess of Suffolk, to whom he wrote again a worthy letter, which is lost, and many others, written both to

Chapter 135

43. Rial or royal, a gold coin worth, in 1 Henry VIII., 11s. 3d.; in 2 Ed. VI,

13s. 6d.; and 2 Elizabeth, 15s.—Ed. At the period referred to in the text, the value of money was fifteen times greater than at present. The sum communicated would therefore be equal to about £65, 15s. of our present mon

Chapter 136

46. Kett was a rich tanner, who headed a numerous body of insurgents in

Norfolk on the accession of Edward VI. to the throne. Taking possession of Norwich, he fixed his station on a hill in the neighbourhood, and under an oak there, which he called the Oak of Reformation, he assumed the titl

Chapter 137

55. Collins’ Peerage of England, vol. ii., p. 5. A stone, with an inscription

commemorative of the birth of this boy, who afterwards distinguished himself in the service of his country, and whose posterity increased in honours, was placed at the east entrance of the porch of the church of St. Will

Chapter 138

65. This, by the way, is an additional evidence that the duchess’s exile,

during the reign of Mary, was caused by the danger to which her Protestant principles exposed her, and not, as Miss Strickland affirms, solely in consequence of her stolen match with Richard Bertie. It is the testimony o

Chapter 139

66. Latimer’s Sermons, printed for Parker Society, vol. i., pp. 311-325.

67. “Whole-length portraits of the duchess and Mr. Bertie are to be seen at Wytham, near Oxford, the seat of the Earl of Abingdon, who possesses a curious old ballad, written in Queen Elizabeth’s reign, entitled, The mos

Chapter 140

70. Collins’ Peerage, vol. ii., pp. 9-11.

-- 451 of 868 -- A learned friend, visiting Dr. Thomas Fuller, author of British Church History and of the Worthies of England, who was then residing at Cambridge, asked him the subject of his studies. “I am collecting,

Chapter 141

14. These bishops were all zealous against Popery, why, then, so keen

sticklers for mere vestments, which could do nothing in the battle against Antichrist, the more especially as they called them matters of indifference? “We cannot fight the French,” says Carlyle, “by three hundred thousa

Chapter 142

18. Bishop Hooper, in a letter to Bullinger, dated Gloucester, August 1,

1551, bears testimony to Mrs. Hooper’s zeal in the religious education of -- 486 of 868 -- their daughter. “She [Rachel] very frequently hears from her mother the great commendation of the country and place where she w

Chapter 143

19. Theodore Bibliander or Buchman was born in 1504, at Bischoffzel, near

St. Gall. He was professor of theology at Zurich, where he died in 1564. In the correspondence of the period he is termed “the most erudite Bibliander;” and four eminent English Protestant refugees, in writing to Bulling

Chapter 144

21. Conrad Pellican held the chair of theology and Hebrew in the university

of Zurich, and was a man of great learning. He died September 14, 1556, and was succeeded by Peter Martyr.—M’Crie’s Reformation in Italy, p. 383.—Zurich Letters, first series, pp. 138, 509. The celebrated Tigurine Latin

Chapter 145

29. In the reign of Edward VI. an act of Parliament was passed, permitting

the mar-riage of the clergy, and legitimatizing their children. But in the reign of Mary, though subsequently to the period referred to in the text, this law was repealed, and the mar-riages contracted by priests were de

Chapter 146

32. During the reign of Edward VI., Valerandus Pollanus was minister of

the French and Walloon church at Glastonbury, Somersetshire, which had fled from Strasburg by reason of the Interim. The Duke of Somerset, who, on the dissolution of the monasteries, had been gifted with the abbey of Gla

Chapter 147

35. Hooper had sent to Bullinger other letters, which, however, with the

exception of a third, do not appear to have reached him. It is worthy of notice, as a proof of Hooper’s generous sympathy with his Protestant brethren, that these letters were sent with Protestant refugees, and with the

Chapter 148

36. John Burcher was an Englishman who, having embraced the gospel, had

been driven by persecution, in the reign of Henry VIII., from his native land. He resided at Strasburg, and was a partner with Richard Hilles, another English Protestant refugee, as a cloth merchant.—Zurich Letters, pp.

Chapter 149

38. There seems here to be an allusion to what Bullinger had said in his

letter to her. He had probably reminded her, as a means of confirming her patience, that Christ had forewarned his disciples:— “ The servant is not greater than his Lord. If they have persecuted me, they will also persec

Chapter 150

46. This was exactly what Hooper had long before anticipated from these

men whenever they got the power. In a letter to Henry Bullinger, dated London, November 7, 1549, he says, “The Bishop [Bonner] of London, the most bitter enemy of the gospel, is now living in confinement, and deposed fro

Chapter 151

48. This was the first time that the fires in Smithfield were lighted since the

burning of Anne Askew, in July, 1546, between eight and nine years before. Considering the progress which the reformed principles had made during the reign of Edward VI., by the free circulation of the Scriptures, and th

Chapter 152

50. This house, which still exists, is exhibited in its present state in the

above engraving. “It is to the right of the picture, and the open window denotes the room supposed to be the one Hooper occupied. The house is now divided into two tenements, but the original doorway exists, in the centr

Chapter 153

51. The site of the bishop’s martyrdom, in its present state, is represented in

the above engraving. Tradition had handed down, from generation to generation, the actual spot, and its accuracy was confirmed by the accidental discovery, not many years ago, of the charred stake, with some part of the

Chapter 154

53. This the wife of Laurence Saunders did. Knowing that his death was

determined upon, he wrote to her, telling her that he was now ready to be offered up, and desiring her to send him a shirt. “You know,” said he, “whereunto it is consecrated. Let it be sewed down on both sides, and not o

Chapter 155

59. Bale’s Script. Illustr., lib. i., Basil, 1559.

-- 492 of 868 -- B arbarity towards the dead bodies of heretics is one of the countless forms in which Popish cruelty has displayed itself. To deposit the human body, when divested of life, with respect in the earth, is

Chapter 156

5. The source from which we chiefly derive our materials is a rare

contemporary Latin volume, containing an account of the whole proceedings, written by James Calfhill, sub-dean of Christ Church College, and addressed to Edmund Grindal, Bishop of London. Calfhill was a learned man, and

Chapter 157

14. St. Frideswide is said to have lived in the first half of the eighth century,

and to have been the daughter of Didane, a petty king in those parts, by his queen Saffride. About the year 730, Didane, according to the tradition, founded a nunnery at Oxford, to the honour of the Virgin Mary and All S

Chapter 158

16. Abbot against Hill, p. 144.

-- 513 of 868 -- Q UEEN ELIZABETH’S history is inseparably connected with the general history of the Reformation in her day. Whatever were the defects of her character and government, she was certainly an extraordinary

Chapter 159

1560. Thus were the plans of the Guises for dethroning Elizabeth, and

investing their niece with the English crown, defeated; and thus was the French power finally overthrown in Scotland, and the Reformation established in that kingdom. 27 In all the efforts of her uncles to promote her el

Chapter 160

6. A number of her letters to him, some in Latin and some in English, have

been transmitted to our times: the former distinguished, in a high degree, for purity and elegance of diction; the latter for the quaint metaphorical style for which she seems to have had an early predeliction, and which

Chapter 161

8. Ibid., vol. ii., p. 342.

9. “If they let her go,” says Renard, in another letter to Charles, “it seems evident that the heretics will proclaim her queen.” And in another he says, “Your majesty may well believe in what danger the queen is, so lon

Chapter 162

13. There were afterwards some deliberations, though no resolution was

come to about sending her to the court of the Queen of Hungary, provided -- 557 of 868 -- that queen would receive her. This Renard states in a letter to Charles, dated 9th June, 1554.—Tytler’s Reigns of Edward VI. and

Chapter 163

16. What she said to him, upon her accession to the throne, on dismissing

him from the court, has been adduced in proof of this: “God forgive you what is past, as we do; and if we have any prisoner whom we would have straitly kept and hardly handled, we will send for you.” Some writers questio

Chapter 164

21. Strype’s Annals, vol. i., part i, p. 8.

22. “The pageants of those days were erections of wood, placed across the principal streets in the manner of triumphal arches; illustrative sentences in English and Latin were inscribed upon them; and a child was station

Chapter 165

32. He was the eldest surviving son of Matthew Stuart, fourth Earl of

Lennox, and afterwards Regent of Scotland, by his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas, only daughter and heiress of Archibald Douglas, seventh Earl of Angus, by his wife Margaret, widow of James IV., eldest daughter of Henry VII

Chapter 166

33. The authorities for this conspiracy are Correspondance Diplomatique de

Bertrand de Salignac de la Mothe Fénélon, edited by Cooper, in Recueil des Dépêches, &c.; and three contemporary biographers of Pius V., Catena and Gabutius, both Italians; Don Antonia Fuenmayor, a Spaniard; and Pollini,

Chapter 167

35. It is dated 5 Kal. Martii, 1569 (i.e., 25th February, 1570), and of our

pontificate the 5th. It is printed in the original in Cheribini’s Bullarum, and -- 559 of 868 -- in Sanders’ De Schism., p. 423. A translation of it is given in Camden’s Elizabeth, book ii., p. 245; and in M’Gavin’s Pr

Chapter 168

50. On the 10th of August Sir Francis Drake, in a letter to Walsingham,

says, “The Prince of Parma I take to be as a bear robbed of her whelps; and, no doubt, being so great a soldier as he is, he will presently, if he may, undertake some great matter, for his rest now standeth thereupon.”—

Chapter 169

61. The name of this royal residence was originally Shene Palace. It was

inhabited by the Edwards I., II., and III. The latter died in it, and likewise Anne, queen of Richard II. After her death, Richard, having demolished the apartments in which his beloved queen died, deserted the place. It

Chapter 170

63. Birch’s Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 508.—D’Israeli’s Curiosities of Literature,

second series, vol. iii., p. 107. Hitherto, even when old, she would not appoint her successor, but stormed when she was advised to do so, saying that this was “to pin up her windingsheet before her face.”

Chapter 171

65. Whitehall Palace was bounded on one side by the park which reaches to

St. James’s Palace, and on the other side by the Thames. It was originally called York Palace, from its being the palace of the Archbishop of York. Cardinal Wolsey was the last archbishop who resided in it, and when he l

Chapter 172

5. Of Mildred’s marriage we shall afterwards speak. Anne, the second

daughter, was married to Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper to Queen Elizabeth; Elizabeth was married, first to Sir Thomas Hobby, and secondly to Lord John Russel; Katharine to Sir Henry Killigrew; and Margaret to Sir Ralph

Chapter 173

6. In the inscription on her monument, it is said that her “uncommon

acquaintance with the Latin and Greek languages was acquired solely from the instructions of her father.” A contemporary authority, quoted by Strype, affirms, on the other hand, that she had Mr. Laurence, “a man in those

Chapter 174

9. Cecil’s first wife was Mary Cheke, sister of Sir John Cheke, professor of

Greek in the university of Cambridge, and one of the tutors of Edward VI. He was married to this lady on the 8th of August, 1541, in the 21st year of -- 586 of 868 -- his age. She gave birth to a son on the 5th of May,

Chapter 175

10. This testimony of Ascham is corroborated by that of Mr. Laurence, her

Greek tutor, who declared that she equalled, if not overmatched, any Greek professor in the universities in the knowledge of that language.—Preface to Hist. of France, translated into English, and printed in 1595, quoted

Chapter 176

13. This, which was before involved in doubt, has been placed beyond all

dispute by the industrious historian, Tytler, from a paper which, after a careful search, he found in the State Paper Office, among a loose collection of notes and memoranda, which had been put up by themselves, as illus

Chapter 177

15. Even Sir John Cheke, notwithstanding his earnest admonitions to Sir

William Cecil and Lady Cecil to remain steadfast to the Protestant cause, shrunk himself from the fiery trial of persecution. Soon after the date of the above letter, having privately repaired to Brussels, he was, by the

Chapter 178

19. Carte’s History of England, vol. iii., p. 670. Ballard, in his Memoirs of

Learned Ladies, in giving her the credit of being a good politician, refers to a letter from her to Sir William Fitz-Williams, Deputy of Ireland, containing excellent advice. It is certain that Maitland of Lethington cor

Chapter 179

20. This mansion, the princely seat of the Marquis of Exeter, a lineal

descendant of Burghley’s eldest son, Thomas, who was created Earl of Exeter in 1605, “has come down to us intact, and is perhaps more interesting from its associations with ‘the glorious days’ than any other edifice now

Chapter 180

25. Strype’s Annals, vol. iii., part ii., p. 129. Such was her reputation as a

scholar, that Christopher Ockland, a learned schoolmaster, sometime of the free school in Southwark, afterwards of Cheltenham school, dedicated to her a work he published in 1582, in elegant Latin heroic verse, consistin

Chapter 181

38. The entire inscription is printed in Crull’s Antiquities of Abbey Church

of Westminster, vol. i., pp. 71-78. -- 590 of 868 -- A NNE COOKE was the second daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, by his wife, Anne Fitz-Williams. She was born about the year 1528, probably at Giddy Hall, in Essex. Under

Chapter 182

3. There were at least two editions; but the volume is now rarely to be met

with. The copy which we have consulted, probably the first edition, is, like many works in the age of Queen Elizabeth, printed in black letter. It is small 12mo, consisting of 244 pages, though the pages are not numbered

Chapter 183

8. This excellent man, who had studied in Christ Church College, Oxford,

was a zealous promoter of the Reformation in the reign of Edward VI. In the reign of Mary he escaped to Frankfort. On the happy accession of Elizabeth, returning to England, he was preferred to the bishopric of Salisbury

Chapter 184

9. Matthew Parker, who, though a reformed minister, escaped persecution

during the reign of Queen Mary by living in seclusion, was, upon the accession of Elizabeth, appointed, in 1559, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was a learned man, and Calvinistic in doctrine. The great blot in his life is

Chapter 185

12. Lord Campbell here adds, in a foot-note, “Anthony, the elder brother,

not being by any means distinguished, the case of the Bacon family might be cited to illustrate the retort upon the late Earl of Buchan, who was eldest brother to Lord Erskine, and the famous Henry Erskine, dean of facul

Chapter 186

19. Standen’s zeal for the Roman Catholic religion led him to leave England

about the year 1563, and to retire into Scotland, where he entered into the service of Queen Mary. Upon her misfortunes he quitted that country, and became a pensioned emissary of the King of Spain. He was at last secret

Chapter 187

21. Birch’s Memoirs, &c., vol. i, pp. 55, 56, 67, 68.

22. i.e, “In this I would not refer you to your brother for counsel or example.” In her letters she frequently introduces Latin and also Greek -- 619 of 868 -- words and sentences, sometimes with a view to secrecy, but

Chapter 188

38. Frances, daughter and only child of Sir Francis Walsingham. When

married by the Earl of Essex she was the widow of Sir Philip Sidney. After the earl’s execution she married, thirdly, the Earl of Clan-Richard, an Irish noblemen.—Camden’s Hist. of Elizabeth, London, 1688, pp. 444, 624.

Chapter 189

45. Granger’s Biograph. Hist. of England, vol. ii , p. 179.—Ballard’s

Learned Ladies, p. 193. -- 621 of 868 -- “A t midnight mirke thay [the persecutors] will us take, And into prison will us fling, There mon we ly quhile [i.e., till] we forsake The name of God, quhilk is our king. “Then

Chapter 190

10. Buchanan’s History of Scotland, book xiv.

-- 633 of 868 -- K ATHARINE HAMILTON, the first of the Scottish female representatives of the Reformation to which we introduce the reader, was the daughter of Sir Patrick Hamilton, of Kincavil, Linlithgowshire, by his

Chapter 191

1. Pinkerton affirms his legitimacy, supposing that he was a son of Lord

Hamilton, by his second wife, Mary Stuart, eldest daughter of King James II., and relict of Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran.—History of Scotland under the house of Stuart, vol. ii., pp. 45, 46. But Douglas has proved, from ch

Chapter 192

5. Various allusions to Sir James, while in England, occur in the state

correspondence of the period. On the 3d of March, 1535, Sir Adam Otterburn had written to Cromwell respecting him. In August, Cranmer introduced him to Cromwell as a gentleman who had left his country for no other cause

Chapter 193

7. Knox’s History, vol. i., pp. 61-63.

-- 640 of 868 -- U pon the death of James V., a few days after the birth of his daughter and successor, Mary, who was born December 8, 1542, a regency was necessary during the minority of the infant queen. Cardinal Davi

Chapter 194

2. We follow Knox, Foxe, and Calderwood in the chronology of the

progress. Knox says it was on “St. Paul’s day before the first burning of Edinburgh,” by the English troops under the Earl of Hertford. Now the first burning was in May, 1544.—History, Wodrow Soc. edition, vol. i., p. 11

Chapter 195

5. Spottiswood’s History of the Church of Scotland, London, 1655, book ii.,

p. 75. -- 647 of 868 -- I SABEL SCRIMGER, was a daughter of Walter Scrimger, of Glaswell, “a branch of the honourable family of Diddup, in which the office of royal standard-bearer, and of constable of Dundee, had been

Chapter 196

7. Ibid., p. 28.

-- 653 of 868 -- B y birth these two ladies were English; but we include them among our notices of the reformed ladies of Scotland, from their relation to the illustrious Scottish Reformer, John Knox, the one having bee

Chapter 197

28. Ibid., vol. ii., p. 208.

-- 667 of 868 -- E LIZABETH CAMPBELL was probably, as Robertson, in his Ayrshire Families, conjectures, 1 the daughter of John Campbell, of Cesnock, the second representative of the Campbells of Cesnock, by his wife Jan

Chapter 198

4. It is entitled, “A Memorial of the Life and Death of two Worthye

Christians, Robert Campbel of the Kinyeancleugh, and his wife, Elizabeth Campbel. In English meter. Edinburgh: printed by Robert Walde-graue, printer to the king’s majestie, 1595. Cum Privilegio Regali.” It was written b

Chapter 199

8. These, and many other circumstances highly honourable to his character,

were, it is said, recorded among the family papers; but the most of these documents were barbarously destroyed by Claverhouse and his troopers, in 1684, when they plundered Mauchline and the castle of Kinyeancleuch.— Rob

Chapter 200

16. This is evident from the Commissary Records of Edinburgh, MS. in her

majesty’s General Register House, from which we learn that “the testament dative and inventar of the goods, gear, and sums of money, and debts pertaining to” her father, were “faithfully made and given up “by her, “their

Chapter 201

18. Inquisitionum Retornatarum Abbreviatio, vol. i., Ayr, No. 249.

-- 683 of 868 -- E LIZABETH KNOX was the youngest daughter of the celebrated John Knox, by his second wife, Margaret Stewart, youngest daughter of Andrew Stewart, Lord Ochiltree, a nobleman who, under all circumstances,

Chapter 202

6. M’Crie’s Life of Knox, vol. ii., p. 353. One of her children by this second

mar-riage was Mr. John Ker, who succeeded Mr. John Davidson, who died in 1604, as minister of Prestonpans. He was the father of Mr. Andrew Ker, who became clerk to the General Assembly upon the resignation of Archibald J

Chapter 203

7. This appears from the following extract from Particular Register of

Inhibitions, vol. v. “11 Feb., 1602. Said Mr. Zach. Pont and spouse inhibited by Mr. Johne Velsche, minister of Godis word at our bust of Kirckcudbryt, and Elizabeth Knox his spous.” Pont owes complainers 1000m, as per c

Chapter 204

31. Kirkton’s Life of Welsh.

-- 697 of 868 -- “A nd I saw a woman, with whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, sit upon a scarlet-coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. And I saw the woman dru

Chapter 205

1. Women were very often buried alive or drowned, in which last case they

were put into sacks, and a large stone being tied to their necks or bodies, they were thrown into the sea or into lakes. This rule, however, was not uniform, for many of them were burned. The men were generally beheaded

Chapter 206

6. So deeply seated was his constitutional gloomy and stolid temper, that

when his father on one occasion made his entry into Antwerp, and was received with great respect and honour by the magistrates and all the people, Philip beheld it all unexcited, and without once moving his bonnet, which

Chapter 207

11. According to others he exclaimed, “See what a brave company of

Gueuses are there.” “Because he saw a great many in the company,” says Maurier, “not so rich as himself, he told the governess, by way of contempt, that they were a troop of beggars, and that she ought to take no notice

Chapter 208

13. The prince, though his father, William of Nassau, had embraced the

reformed religiou, and banished the Popish out of his dominions, having been early placed near the person of Charles V., who had contracted a great liking for him, and much desired his conversion to Catholicism, had firs

Chapter 209

15. Brandt’s Hist. of the Reformation, &c., vol. i., p. 277. The greater

portion of this numerous body of fugitives “took refuge in England, and settled about the towns of Norwich, Sandwich, Maidstone, and Hampton, -- 718 of 868 -- where, protected and permitted the free exercise of their r

Chapter 210

18. Hessels, by a merited retribution, ultimately suffered the same fate

which, with such cold-blooded disregard to evidence, he had awarded to others. He “was hanged upon a tree, without any form of justice or process, by the governors of Ghent, Imbise and Rihove, whom he had often threatene

Chapter 211

20. Maurier, p. 80.—Brandt, vol. i., p. 278.

21. “The quiet and patient temper of the people of Holland and Zealand had inspired Alva with so sovereign a contempt for them, that he was accustomed to say he would smother them in their own butter.”—Davies’s Hist. of

Chapter 212

24. The liberality of his sentiments, with respect to religious toleration, was

falsely attributed by the Romanists, after their usual manner, to his -- 719 of 868 -- indifference about religion. The Jesuit historian, Strada, speaks of his religion as doubtful, or nothing at all.—De Bello Belgico,

Chapter 213

25. Maurier, pp. 12, 23.— “He talked little,” says Maurier, “thought much,

but spoke always to the purpose, and his words passed for oracles.” His speeches and the documents drawn up by him, which have descended to our times, are remarkable for a vigorous Roman-like eloquence. Though not a man

Chapter 214

26. Strada, De Bello Belgico, tom. i, lib. vi., p. 216.

-- 720 of 868 -- H aving issued his persecuting placards, Charles V., as we have seen in the Introduction, was not long in finding victims on whom to execute them; and among the first who fell a sacrifice in the Netherl

Chapter 215

1. History of the Reformation in Spain, p. 278.

-- 727 of 868 -- L YSKEN DIRKS belonged to the body of the Anabaptists, who form so large a proportion of the vast numbers that were slain in the Netherlands for the Word of God and the testimony of Jesus Christ. The fa

Chapter 216

1. One of the other tenets maintained by them was, that while Christ was

born of the Virgin Mary, he did not derive his human body from her flesh, it being formed in her womb by the immediate operation of the Holy Spirit. But the Scriptures expressely say that Christ was “the seed of the woma

Chapter 217

2. Van Braght’s Martyrology of the Baptists, printed for the Hanserd

Knollys Society, is our chief authority for this sketch. This work contains interesting narratives of many other pious female Anabaptists, who intrepidly suffered death for their principles, in the various forms of behea

Chapter 218

13. Braght’s Martyrology of the Baptists, vol. i., p. 413.

-- 748 of 868 -- E xtensively spread as were the reformed sentiments in the Netherlands, there were few places in which they were preached with greater boldness, and received with greater cordiality, than in Lisle, one

Chapter 219

1. Histoire des Martyrs, edit. à Genèvre, 1619, pp. 417-421.—Brandt, vol.

i., pp. 108-110 -- 756 of 868 -- T his humble Christian woman was a convert to the reformed doctrines, and her Christian intelligence, conscientiousness, and intrepidity, would have done honour to the most exalted rank

Chapter 220

1. Foxe’s Acts and Monuments, folio edit., vol. iii., Appendix, pp. 49, 50.—

Brandt, vol. i., p. 275. -- 761 of 868 -- N umerous as were the martyrs, female as well as male, whom the Duke of Alva more immediately made to pass through the hands of the executioner, we shall confine ourselves to a

Chapter 221

1. Brandt, vol. i., p. 270.

-- 764 of 868 -- C HARLOTTE DE BOURBON was the fourth and youngest daughter, save one, of Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, a prince of the blood-royal of France, by his first wife, Jaqueline de Longvic. Some accou

Chapter 222

10. Amidst the revolutions which the Reformation produced in Germany,

the Palatinate enjoyed undisturbed tranquillity, for which it was indebted partly to the moderation of its princes, who prudently declined to join with either of the contending parties, but chiefly to the policy of Charl

Chapter 223

22. De Thou, Histoire, tom. v., liv. lx., p. 166.--Brandt’s History of the

Reformation in the Low Countries, vol, i., p. 316, and the authorities there quoted.—Le Clerc, vol. i., p. 46 —Baroness Blaze de Bury’s Memoirs of the Princess Palatine, Princess of Bohemia, pp. 5-15. By this last writer

Chapter 224

26. Baroness Blaze de Bury’s Memoirs of the Princess Palatine, &c., p. 17.

The prince had already, by Anne of Egmont, a son, named Philip William, who afterwards succeeded him, and a daughter, Mary, who was married to Philip, Count of Hohenlohe; and by Anne of Saxony, Maurice, afterwards Prince

Chapter 225

27. This marriage certainly proved prejudicial to himself in various ways,

by alienating from him powerful families in Germany, who were formerly his friends; nor was it less prejudicial to his successors and descendants. On these grounds the Baroness Blaze de Bury pronounces it to have been im

Chapter 226

28. De Thou, tom. v., liv. lx., p. 166.—Maurier, p. 48.

29. “Whatever this particular report might be,” says the Baroness Blaze de Bury, “does not appear, and is nowhere further specified.” 30. “Unfortunately,” says the same authoress, “this letter is not amongst those alread

Chapter 227

31. Baroness Blaze de Bury’s Memoirs of the Princess Palatine, &c., p. 39.

“Many,” says this authoress, “are the letters the archives of the house of Orange possess of Charlotte de Bourbon; and there are none which do not -- 798 of 868 -- bear witness to her purity of mind, her gentleness, an

Chapter 228

34. It was dated Madrid, 15th March, 1580, and sent to the Duke of Parma,

then governor of the Low Countries, with orders to publish it through the whole extent of his government; but the duke delayed its promulgation until the month of June following, and affirmed in his circular letter that

Chapter 229

49. Maurier. pp. 126, 130-134.

-- 800 of 868 -- L OUISE DE COLLIGNY was the daughter of Gaspard Colligny, Lord of Chatillon, and Admiral of France, by his first wife, Charlotte de Laval, daughter of Guy de Laval, by his wife, Antoinette de Daillon. 1

Chapter 230

4. Louis de Teligny, besides Charles, had a daughter, Margaret, who was

married to Francis de la Noue, a distinguished military officer among the Protestants in the civil wars in France, and called Bras-de-Fer, because, having lost his arm in an engagement, he substituted an artificial one o

Chapter 231

6. Mrs. Marsh’s Protestant Reformation in France, vol. ii., p. 273.— “ He

gave him his daughter in marriage,” says Brantôme, “a very beautiful and accomplished lady, who might have got a more advantageous match; but he was pleased to choose such a son-in-law, having a regard rather to Teligny’

Chapter 232

9. Merlin’s preservation was very extraordinary. In attempting his escape

over the roofs of the adjoining houses, he fell into a loft filled with hay. Here he lay concealed for many days, but must have perished from hunger -- 836 of 868 -- had it not been for the singular circumstance, that

Chapter 233

12. The refugees in this last named city having been reduced to great

poverty, from the pillage of their property by their enemies, and from their being necessitated to leave what they had behind them, Beza and his colleagues endeavoured as far as they could to mitigate their hardships, by

Chapter 234

34. Catharine de Lorraine, daughter of Francis, Duke of Guise, by Anne

d’Este. She courted, with disgusting servility, the favour of Henry IV.; and it -- 838 of 868 -- is surprising that she obtained such familiar access to the royal person. By her intrusions she greatly annoyed Catharine

Chapter 235

36. James Arminius, professor of divinity in the university of Leyden, the

father of the system bearing his name, taught it in his theological lectures, and in various published works; and a considerable number of Dutch ecclesiastics, with several persons of distinguished abilities and rank in

Chapter 236

1610. After the death of Arminius, in 1609, the controversy was carried on

with redoubled vigour; and it produced such violent dissensions, animosities, and divisions as, unless authenticated by indisputable documents, could hardly be credited of a people naturally so cool and phlegmatic in tem

Chapter 237

37. Uitenbogard, when at Geneva, studying theology under Theodore de

Beza and Antoine de la Faye, became acquainted with James Arminius, who was a theological student there at the same time, and an intimate friendship was formed between them, which continued without interruption till the

Chapter 238

315. At length, however, he put himself at the head of the Calvinists, partly

in the hope of effecting his ambitious purposes by means of them, as they were the majority, and partly from hatred to John van Olden Barneveldt, Grand Pensionary of the States of Holland, and a zealous republican, who,

Chapter 239

41. Maurice had brought him to be minister at the Hague, and so greatly

regarded him, that he did not rest till he had obtained him from the states and from the church at the Hague for his own minister, who should accompany him in all his campaigns. Uitenbogard attended him from the year 159

Chapter 240

50. These three last, like the first, were Remonstrants and staunch

republicans. 51. “The Spanish Inquisition itself, against the arbitrary and bloody jurisdiction of which the first Prince of Orange had raised the Low Countries, never conducted a trial and execution with more injustice,

Chapter 241

53. When all correspondence between Barneveldt and his friends was

strictly interdicted, this lady contrived an ingenious mode of communicating with him by writing. Having found means of sending him at different times a quantity of large fine pears, which might serve him for a dessert,

Chapter 242

55. Barneveldt left two sons. They had held considerable situations in the

state, of which being now deprived, and in revenge of their father’s death, they engaged in a conspiracy against the life of the prince. One of them made his escape. The other was condemned to lose his head. His mother f

Chapter 243

58. Grotius, after an imprisonment of a year and a half, effected his escape

by the address of his wife, Maria van Reigersberg, a lady descended from one of the best families in Holland, and in every respect worthy of the great man to whom she was united. See an account of the ingenious artifice

Chapter 244

59. Brandt, vol. iv., p. 198.—Uitenbogard returned from France to Holland

in 1626, when he was allowed to live in peace; and he died at the Hague, on the 14th of September, 1644, in the eighty-seventh year of his age.—Le Clerc, tom. ii., pp. 109, 232.

Chapter 245

60. There were only a few reformed families in Fontainebleau; but de

Courcelles had a numerous auditory when the court came there, his ministry -- 842 of 868 -- being attended by the reformed lords who followed the court, and others brought thither by business. De Courcelles was afterwa

Chapter 246

63. Maurier, pp. 134, 177, 178, 200.

-- 843 of 868 -- N o. I.—(p. 111.) Anne Boleyn’s Letter to Henry VIII., from the Tower. “Sir,—Your grace’s displeasure and my imprisonment, are things so strange unto me, as what to write, or what to excuse, I am altoge

Chapter 247

2. The original of this beautiful letter is not now known to exist; but there is

no reason to doubt its authenticity. “The copy of it,” says Ellis, “preserved among Lord Cromwell’s papers, is certainly in the handwriting of the time of Henry VIII.”—Original Letters, first series, vol. ii., p. 53.

Chapter 248

7. Fisher, when nearly eighty years of age, had been thrown into prison for

denying Henry’s ecclesiastical supremacy. The Pope, apprised of his situation, sent him a cardinal’s hat, foolishly intended, perhaps, to express his contempt of Henry, and to excite the popular sympathy in behalf of the

Chapter 249

8. This, in addition to what is stated in her letter to Queen Mary, and in her

dying speech, affords a complete refutation of Dr. Lingard’s assertion, that Lady Jane’s “contempt of the splendour of royalty, and her reluctant submission to the commands of her parents,” are to be considered as the fi

Chapter 250

11. Lady Katharine was, in point of family proximity to the English throne,

the third princess of the blood-royal. After Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots was nearest heir. Failing her issue, the next heir was Margaret Douglas (wife of Matthew Stuart, fourth Earl of Lennox), only daughter of Archib

Chapter 251

12. This ring had been exhibited by Lady Katharine to the Commission of

Inquiry. It consisted of five links, the four inner ones containing the following lines, of the Earl’s composition:— “As circles five by art compact shewe but one ring in sight, So trust uniteth faithfull mindes with kno