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Exodus 9:34

The Pulpit Commentary on Exodus 9:34

The Pulpit Commentary · Joseph S. Exell and contributors · Public domain

He sinned yet more, and hardened his heart. Altogether there are three different Hebrew verbs, which our translators have rendered by "harden," or "hardened"—kabad, qashah, and khazaq. The first of these, which occurs in ; , ; and , is the weakest of the three, and means to be "dull" or "heavy," rather than "to be hard."

The second, which appears in , and , is a stronger term, and means "to be hard," or, in the Hiphil, "to make hard." But the third has the most intensive sense, implying fixed and stubborn resolution.

It occurs in ; ; ; ; and elsewhere. He and his servants. Pharaoh's "servants," i.e. the officers of his court, still, it would seem, upheld the king in his impious and mad course, either out of complaisance, or because they were really not yet convinced of the resistless might of Jehovah.

After the eighth plague, we shall find their tone change ().

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